Counting Americans

Acknowledgments Note on Illustrations and Tables Note on Terminology Introduction Part I: The Origins of the U.S. Census: From Enumeration of Voters and Taxpayers to "Social Statistics," 1790-1840 Chapter 1: The Creation of the Federal Census by the Constitution of the United States: A Political Instrument Chapter 2: The First Developments of the National Census (1800-1830) Chapter 3: The Census of 1840: Science, Politics and "Insanity" of Free Blacks Part II: Slaves, Former Slaves, Blacks, and Mulattoes: Identification of the Individual and the Statistical Segregation of Populations (1850-1865) Chapter 4: Whether to Name or Count Slaves: The Refusal of Identification Chapter 5: Color, Race, and Origin of Slaves and Free Persons: "White," "Black," "Mulatto" in the Censuses of 1850 and 1860 Chapter 6: Color and Status of Slaves: Legal Definition and Census Practice Chapter 7: Census Data for 1850 and 1860 and the Defeat of the South Part III: The Rise of Immigration and the Racialization of Society: The Adaptation of the Census to the Diversity of the American Population (1850-1900) Chapter 8: Modernization, Standardization, and Internationalization: From the Censuses of J. C. G. Kennedy (1850 and 1860) to the First Census of Francis A. Walker (1870) Chapter 9: From Slavery to Liberty: The Future of the Black Race or Racial Mixing as Degeneration Chapter 10: From "Mulatto" to the "One Drop Rule" (1870-1900) Chapter 11: The Slow Integration of Indians into U.S. Population Statistics in the Nineteenth Century Chapter 12: The Chinese and Japanese in the Census: Nationalities That Are Also Races Chapter 13: Immigration, Nativism, and Statistics (1850-1900) Part IV: Apogee and Decline of Ethnic Statistics (1900-1940) Chapter 14: The Disappearance of the "Mulatto" as the End of Inquiry into the Composition of the Black Population of the United States Chapter 15: The Question of Racial Mixing in the American Possessions: National Norm and Local Resistance Chapter 16: New Asian Races, New Mixtures, and the "Mexican" Race: Interest in "Minor Races" Chapter 17: From Statistics by Country of Birth to the System of National Origins Part V: The Population and the Census: Representation, Negotiation, and Segmentation (1900-1940) Chapter 18: The Census and African Americans within and outside the Bureau Chapter 19: Women as Census Workers and as Relays in the Field Chapter 20: Ethnic Marketing of Population Statistics Epilogue: The Fortunes of Census Classifications (1940-2000) Conclusion Notes Abbreviations Sources and Bibliography Index

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• Escravidão e abolição da escravatura
• História das Américas
• História do século 20: c 1900 a c 2000
• História moderna para o século 20: c1700 a c 1900