American Horizons

Maps
Preface
About the Authors

CHAPTER 15
Reconstructing America, 1865-1877
The Year of Jubilee, 1865
African American Families
Southern White People and the Problem of Defeat
Emancipation in Comparative Perspective
Shaping Reconstruction, 1865-1868
Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction
The Fight over Reconstruction
The Civil War Amendments and American Citizenship
GLOBAL PASSAGES: America the Diverse
Congressional Reconstruction
Reconstruction in the South, 1866-1876
African American Life in the Postwar South
Republican Governments in the Postwar South
Cotton, Merchants, and the Lien
The End of Reconstruction, 1877
The Ku Klux Klan and Reconstruction Violence
Northern Weariness and Northern Conservatism
Legacies of Reconstruction
Consider the Source: Alfred Waud: "The First Vote," November 16, 1867

CHAPTER 16
Forging a Transcontinental Nation, 1877-1900
Meeting Ground of Many Peoples
Changing Patterns of Migration
Mexican Borders
Chinese Exclusion
Mapping the West
The Federal Frontier
Promotion and Memory
The Culture of Collective Violence
Extractive Economies and Global Commodities
Mining and Labor
Business Travelers
Railroads, Time, and Space
Industrial Ranching
Corporate Cowboys
Clearing the Land and Cleansing the Wilderness
Conflict and Resistance
Education for Assimilation
The Destruction of the Buffalo
GLOBAL PASSAGES: Settler Societies and Indigenous Peoples
The Dawes Act and Survival
Tourism, Parks, and Forests
Consider the Source: Carlisle Indian School

CHAPTER 17
A New Industrial and Labor Order, 1877-1900
Global Webs of Industrial Capitalism
The New Industrial Order
U.S. Industrial Growth in Global Context
Combinations and Concentrations of Wealth
Markets and Consumerism
Work and the Workplace
Global Migrations
GLOBAL PASSAGES: A Revolution in Food
Blue-Collar and White-Collar Workers
Regimentation and Scientific Management
Working Conditions and Wages
Economic Convulsions and Hard Times
Women and Children in the Workplace
Workers Fight Back
The Great Railroad Strike of 1877
Organizing Strategies and Labor Violence
The Farmers Organize
The Labor Movement in Global Context
The New Industrial Order: Defense and Dissent
Defending the New Order
Critiquing the New Order
Consider the Source: Two Views of the Pullman Strike

CHAPTER 18
Immigrants, Cities, and Politics, 1877-1900
Global Migrations
A Worldwide Migration
The Lure of the United States and the "New" Immigration
The "Immigrant Problem"
The Round Trip to America
GLOBAL PASSAGES: Immigrants Who Returned
Streets Paved With Gold?
Surviving in "The Land of Bosses and Clocks"
Creating Community
Becoming American
Urbanization
The Growth of Cities
The Peopling of American Cities
Types of Cities
Cities Transformed and "Sorted Out"
The Promise and Peril of City Life
A World of Opportunity
A World of Crises
Tackling Urban Problems
Saving Souls in Urban America
The Social Purity Movement
The Settlement House Movement
Creating Healthy Urban Environments
Challenges to the Politics of Stalemate
Key Issues
Ethnicity, Gender, and Political Culture
The Populist Challenge
The Election of 1896
Consider the Source: The "New" Immigration

CHAPTER 19
The United States Expands Its Reach, 1892-1912
The New Imperialism
A Global Grab for Colonies
Race, Empire, Bibles, and Businessmen
Precedent for American Empire
The Crises of the 1890s
The United States Flexes Its Muscles
Latin America
Hawaii
The Cuban Crisis
"A Splendid Little War"
The Complications of Empire
Cuba and Puerto Rico
The Philippines
The Debate over Empire
GLOBAL PASSAGES: African Americans and International Affairs
The Philippine-American War
China
The United States on the World Stage: Roosevelt and Taft
Roosevelt's "Big Stick"
Taft's Dollar Diplomacy
Consider the Source: The Fight over Empire

CHAPTER 20
An Age of Progressive Reform, 1890-1920
Progressivism as a Global Movement
Nodes of Progressivism
The Global Exchange of Progressive Ideas
Urban Reform
The "Good Government" Movement
The Housing Dilemma
Municipal Housekeeping
Segregation and the Racial Limits of Reform
Progressivism at the State and National Levels
Electoral Reforms
Mediating the Labor Problem
Regulating Business: Trust-Busting and Consumer Protection
Conservation Versus Preservation of Nature
Progressivism and World War I
A Progressive War?
Uniting and Disuniting the Nation
Votes for Women
Progressivism in International Context
GLOBAL PASSAGES: A Worldwide Struggle for Woman Suffrage
Consider the Source: Votes for Women?

CHAPTER 21
America and the Great War, 1914-1920
The Shock of War
The Colonial Origins of the Conflict
A War of Attrition
America's Response to War
The U.S. Path to War, 1914-1917
National Security and the Push Toward Americanization
Social Reform, the Election of 1916, and Challenges to Neutrality
Intervention in Latin America
Decision for War
America at War
Mobilizing People and Ideas
Controlling Dissent
Mobilizing the Economy
Women Suffragists
The Great Migration
Over There
Building an Army
Joining the Fight
Complications of Coalition Warfare
Influenza Pandemic
Making Peace Abroad and at Home
GLOBAL PASSAGES: Postwar Colonialism
Making Peace and Fighting Communism
Red Scare
The Fight for the Treaty
Consider the Source: Two U.S. Government Propaganda Posters for the Great War

CHAPTER 22
A New Era, 1920-1930
A New Economy for a New Era
Wireless America
Car Culture
Advertising for Mass Consumption
Cultural Divides
Challenging Sexual Conventions
African American Renaissance and Repression
Black International Movements
Immigration Restriction
Prohibition
The Ku Klux Klan
Religious Divides
A National Culture: At Home and Abroad
Popular Entertainment: Movies, Sports, and Celebrity
The New Skepticism
GLOBAL PASSAGES: Hollywood Sells America to the World
Post-World War I Politics and Foreign Policy
Government and Business in the 1920s
Coolidge Prosperity
The Election of 1928
Independent Internationalism in the 1920s
The United States and Instability in the Western Hemisphere
The Crash
The End of the Boom
The Great Depression
Consider the Source: Slaughter in Tulsa

CHAPTER 23
A New Deal for Americans, 1931-1939
The New Deal
From Prosperity to Global Depression
Spiral of Decline, 1931-1933
Suffering in the Land
The Failure of the Old Deal
The Coming of the New Deal
Reconstructing Capitalism
The First Hundred Days
Voices of Protest
The Second New Deal
The Works Progress Administration
Social Security
Labor Activism
The 1936 Election
Society, Law, and Culture in the 1930s
Popular Entertainment
Women and the New Deal
A New Deal for Black People
GLOBAL PASSAGES: European Refugees
Hispanics and the New Deal
The Indian New Deal
Nature's New Deal
The Twilight of Reform
The New Deal and Judicial Change
Recession
Political Setbacks
Consider the Source: "From Despair to Hope": Faith in Democracy Lost and Found

CHAPTER 24
Arsenal of Democracy: The World at War, 1931-1945
The Long Fuse
Isolationist Impulse
Disengagement from Europe
Disengagement in Asia
Appeasement
America at the Brink of War, 1939-1941
Day of Infamy
A Grand Alliance
The War in the Pacific
The War in Europe
The Holocaust
Battle for Production
War Economy
GLOBAL PASSAGES: A Battle of Books and Ideas
A Government-Sponsored Technology Revolution
The Draft
On The Move: Wartime Mobility
Wartime Women
Mexican Migrants, Mexican Americans, and American Indians in Wartime
African Americans in Wartime
Japanese American Internment
Wartime Politics and Postwar Issues
Right Turn
The 1944 Election and the Threshold of Victory
Victory in Europe
Victory in the Pacific
Consider the Source: "A New Deal for America and the World"

CHAPTER 25
Prosperity and Liberty Under the Shadow of the Bomb, 1945-1952
The Cold War
The Roots of Conflict
Managing Postwar Europe in Potsdam
The Defeat of Japan
Dividing the Postwar Globe
The Fear of Nuclear War
A Policy for Containment
The Red Scare
War in Korea
GLOBAL PASSAGES: Rebuilding the World
NSC-68: A Cold War Containment Policy
The Color of Difference Is Red
Hollywood and the Pumpkin Papers
A New Affluence
The Fair Deal
The GI Bill
Working Women
Postwar Migrations
Military-Industrial West and South
Hispanics Move North
Mobile Leisure
Laying the Foundations for Civil Rights
First Steps
Jack Roosevelt Robinson
The Influence of African American Veterans
Black Migration and the Nationalization of Race
Consider the Source: Braceros Entering the U.S. (1942) and Mica from El Paso ID Card

CHAPTER 26
The Dynamic 1950s, 1950-1959
The Eisenhower Era
The End of the Korean War
The New Look
The Rise of the Developing World
Hungary and the Suez, 1956
France's Vietnam War
McCarthyism and the Red Scare
A Dynamic Decade
The Baby Boom
Suburban Migrations-Urban Decline
Consumer Nation
Corporate Order and Industrial Labor
The Future Is Now
Auto Mania
GLOBAL PASSAGES: The International Geophysical Year
Oil Culture
Television
Conformity and Rebellion
Old-Time Religion
Women in the 1950s
Organization Men
Teens, Rebels, and Beats
The Battle for Civil Rights Begins
Brown and the Legal Assault
Showdown in Little Rock
Boots on the Ground
MLK and the Philosophy of Nonviolence
Consider the Source: Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) Security Area Maps

CHAPTER 27
The Optimism and the Anguish of the 1960s, 1960-1969
The New Frontier
JFK's New Frontier
The Challenge of Racial Justice
Cold War Tensions
Kennedy Assassination
The Great Society
Civil Rights Laws
Great Society Programs
The Supreme Court and Rights and Liberties
The United States and the World Beyond Vietnam
A Robust Economy
Technological Change, Science, and Space Exploration
The Rise of the Sunbelt
Race, Gender, Youth, and the Challenge to the Establishment
Urban Uprisings and Black Power
Latinos and Native Americans Struggle for Rights
The New Feminism
Environmentalism
GLOBAL PASSAGES: The Hippie Trail
Countercultures
Consider the Source: Ho Chi Minh, Excerpts from Declaration of Independence (1945)

CHAPTER 28
The Vietnam Era, 1961-1975
Background to a War, 1945-1963
Vietnam and the Cold War
American Commitments to South Vietnam
The 1963 Turning Point
An American War, 1964-1967
Decisions for Escalation, 1964-1965
Ground and Air War, 1966-1967
The War at Home
GLOBAL PASSAGES: Global Disruption
1968: Turmoil and Turning Points
The Tet Offensive
The Agony of 1968
Nixon and the World
From Vietnamization to Paris
The End of the Vietnam War
Reduction of Cold War Tensions
Domestic Policy and the Abuse of Power
Curtailing the Great Society
Watergate
Consider the Source: Students for a Democratic Society and an Appeal to Students (1964) and Cesar Chavez, Speech at Harvard University (1970)

CHAPTER 29
Conservatism Resurgent, 1973-1988
Backlash
An Accidental President
The Politics of Limits and Malaise
A Dangerous World, 1974-1980
America Held Hostage
Democratic Decline and the Rising Tide on the Right
The Crisis of the Democrats
Rising Tide on the Right
The Religious Right and Neoconservatism
It's Morning Again in America
The Rise of Reagan
Economic Realities
Conservative Justice
GLOBAL PASSAGES: Reefer Madness: America's (Very) Long War
on Drugs
Social Transformation and the Technology Revolution
The Rise of the "Nontraditional Family"
Gay Rights and the AIDS Epidemic
A Health-Conscious America
High Technology
Challenging The "Evil Empire"
A New Arms Race
Interventions
Cold War Thaw
Consider the Source: "America's Right Turn"

CHAPTER 30
After the Cold War, 1988-2001
George H. W. Bush and the End of the Cold War
The Election of 1988
The Bush Presidency at Home
The New World Order
The Election of 1992
The Good Times
Innovation and New Technology
GLOBAL PASSAGES: The 1965 Immigration Act and Its Backlash
The Shipping Container Revolution
Bill Clinton and the New Democrats
An Awkward Start
Clinton's Recovery
Clinton's Second Term
A Post-Cold War Foreign Policy
Intervention and Mediation
International Terrorism
The Disputed Election of 2000
Bush Versus Gore
The Election in Florida and a Supreme Court Decision
Consider the Source: Politics as a Full Contact Sport

CHAPTER 31
Twenty-First-Century Dangers and Promises, 2001-Present
The Age of Sacred Terror
The United States and Terrorism Before 9/11
The War in Afghanistan
The Iraq War
Policing Terrorism
Compassionate Conservatism in the Bush Years
Culture Wars
Compassionate Conservatism in Action
The Election of 2004
Privatizing Social Security
Hurricane Katrina
The Election of 2006
Economic Turmoil
The Dot-Com Bust, Financial Scandals, and the Middle-Class Squeeze
Collapse
The Obama Years
The Election of 2008
Economic Recovery
Iraq Withdrawal and the Afghan War
Battles in the Legislature
GLOBAL PASSAGES: China Versus the United States: A Clash of Civilizations?
Protests on the Right and Left, and the 2010 Election
The 2012 Election
Going Over the Fiscal Cliff
Justice in the 21st Century
Immigration
Civil Rights for Gay Americans
A Turbulent World
Trump's America
The Election of 2016
Trump in Office
Immigration and the Wall
Congress and the Courts
"America First" and Foreign Policy
The Economy
The Election of 2018
Impeachment
Social Issues Outside Washington
Pandemic and Social Unrest
Conclusion
Consider the Source: Threats from Abroad and from Within

Epilogue
The 2020 Election and Beyond

Appendix A: Historical Documents
Appendix B: Historical Facts and Data
Glossary
Photo Credits
Index

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• História das Américas